Grid with estimated precipitation per month with a spatial resolution of 10 arc minutes. This dataset has been constructed from 27 075 stations with 1961-1990 climatological normals. The dataset consists of 12 ASCII-grids with mean monthly data in mm/day * 10, and one ASCII-grid with yearly data in mm/year. In addition, 12 ASCII-grid with monthly values at 5 arc minutes resolution are made available as input data for a global water balance model (GlobWat).

The Tertiary Roads Density raster layer is part of the Global Roads Inventory Project (GRIP) dataset, developed to provide a more recent and consistent global roads dataset for use in global environmental and biodiversity assessment models like GLOBIO.

The Total Roads Density raster layer is part of the Global Roads Inventory Project (GRIP) dataset, developed to provide a more recent and consistent global roads dataset for use in global environmental and biodiversity assessment models like GLOBIO.

The Primary Roads Density raster layer is part of the Global Roads Inventory Project (GRIP) dataset, developed to provide a more recent and consistent global roads dataset for use in global environmental and biodiversity assessment models like GLOBIO.

The Local Roads Density raster layer is part of the Global Roads Inventory Project (GRIP) dataset, developed to provide a more recent and consistent global roads dataset for use in global environmental and biodiversity assessment models like GLOBIO.

Phenology is defined as the study of the timing of recurring biological cycles and their connection to the climate. Changes in the vegetation phenology, including the start of season, the length of the season as well as the end of season impacts the ecosystem functioning such as carbon storage, water holding capacity and agricultural productivity. Compliment to ASIS Crop/pasture growing seasons (Start of season, Maximum of season and End of Season) maps, Progress of Season (POS) maps depict the development of crops/pastures during the growing season. For any dekad (a 10-day period), the map indicates how far the season has progressed, represented by a value between 0 and 100 percent (i.e. 50 percent is the mid-point of the growing season). The seasons’ progress is based on the long-term average of vegetation phenology for each pixel. This simplification implies that the crop/pasture phenology is static and, therefore, the growing seasons progress at a constant rate each year. The “seasonal progress” is expressed in relative terms via a fixed set of “POS images”. For any dekad in the year, they indicate for each pixel how the season has progressed. That can be a value between 0 and 100 percent (i.e. 50 percent is the mid-point of the growing season). The definition of a dekad: - Each month has three dekads: dekad 1 (day 1-10), dekad 2 (day 11-20), dekad 3 (day 21-end of month). - The number of days the dekad represents is variable for each last dekad of the month. - Since the phenology is derived from dekadal temporally smoothed and gap filled NDVI data, these dekads represent +- the middle day of their period. - The best practice is to link each dekad value with its associated date (e.g. Dekad 1 = January 5th/6th, dekad 3 = January 26th,…). Then you can convert these dates into Julian days. Phenology digital values to physical values: - In order to deal with growing seasons surpassing the calendar year (e.g. SOS <January or EOS > December) the phenology data is stored in a range of 108 dekads. The digital values in images follow the 1-108 dekad range. There is an offset of 36 dekads in order to express them with the target year as reference. - Dekad 37-72 represents the dekad 1-36 (January – December) of the target year. Values lower than 36 indicate SOS phenology < January and values higher than 72 indicate EOS phenology > December. Global ASIS covers two crop/pasture seasons. Some countries have three or four crop seasons within a crop year. For these countries, Global ASIS cannot properly capture the crop phenology between the first and the last season (e.g. for a country has four crop seasons, the crop phenology of the 2nd and 3rd season). More information, please visit FAO GIEWS Earth Observation website: https://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/index.jsp?lang=en Recommended citation: © FAO - Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS), http://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/, [Date accessed]

The Vegetation Health Index (VHI) illustrates the severity of drought based on the vegetation health and the influence of temperature on plant conditions. The VHI is a composite index and the elementary indicator used to compute the seasonal drought indicators in ASIS: Agricultural Stress Index (ASI), Drought Intensity and Mean Vegetation Health Index (Mean VHI). VHI combines both the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and the Temperature Condition Index (TCI). The TCI is calculated using a similar equation to the VCI, but relates the current temperature to the long-term maximum and minimum , as it is assumed that higher temperatures tend to cause a deterioration in vegetation conditions. A decrease in the VHI would, for example, indicate relatively poor vegetation conditions and warmer temperatures, signifying stressed vegetation conditions, and over a longer period would be indicative of drought. In ASIS, VHI is computed in two modality: dekadal and monthly. The dekadal/monthly VHI raster layer published in Hand in Hand Geospatial platform is further updated in the following 5 dekads (improve data precision, remove cloud pixel etc.). Flags of raster file: 251=missing, 252=cloud, 253=snow, 254=sea, 255=background More information, please visit FAO GIEWS Earth Observation website: https://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/index.jsp?lang=en Recommended citation: © FAO - Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS), http://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/, [Date accessed]

Phenology is defined as the study of the timing of recurring biological cycles and their connection to the climate. Changes in the vegetation phenology, including the start of season, the length of the season as well as the end of season impacts the ecosystem functioning such as carbon storage, water holding capacity and agricultural productivity. Crop/pasture phenology maps depict the progress of the seasons. It is based on the long-term average of vegetation phenology for each pixel (In ASIS, Cropland/Grassland masks are applied. Pixel with at least 5% covered by the class are defined as a cropland/grassland pixel). This simplification implies that the crop/pasture phenology is static and therefore the growing seasons progress at a constant rate each year. The progress of growing seasons are described by three major phases: Start of Season (SOS), Maximum of Season (MOS) and End of Season (EOS). Start of Season (SOS) indicates the early stage of crop/grass emergence, defined as the date when the rising NDVI-curve cuts the threshold NDVIs: NDVIs=NDVImins + Ts.(NDVImax – NDVImins) NDVImax is the NDVI at the maximum of the cycle, NDVImins is the minimum before this maximum and threshold Ts is fixed to 0.25 for all land cover types. SOS is searched leftwards from NDVImax to NDVImins. Maximum of Season (MOS) indicates when crop/grass foliage is fully developed, defined as the date when the NDVI is at its maximum value. End of Season (EOS) indicates when crop/grass has reached physiological maturity, defined as the date when the descending NDVI-curve crosses NDVIe, This date does not necessarily correspond to the harvest period. NDVIe=NDVImine + Te.(NDVImax – NDVimine) NDVImax is the NDVI at the maximum of the cycle, NDVImine is the minimum after this maximum and threshold Te is set to 0.75 for cropland and to 0.25 for all other land. EOS is searched rightwards from NDVImax to NDVImine. Map legend label and pixel value mapping (half open intervals): <October Y-1: (-36)-(-6); November - December Y-1: (-6)-0; January - February: 0-6; March - April: 6-12; May - June: 12-18; July - August: 18-24; September - October: 24-30; November - December: 30-36; January - February Y+1: 36-42; >March Y+1: 42-72: Map flags: no seasons/no season 2: 251; no cropland/no grassland: 254 Global ASIS covers two crop/pasture seasons. Some countries have three or four crop seasons within a crop year. For these countries, Global ASIS cannot properly capture the crop phenology between the first and the last season (e.g. for a country has four crop seasons, the crop phenology of the 2nd and 3rd season). More information, please visit FAO GIEWS Earth Observation website: https://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/index.jsp?lang=en Recommended citation: © FAO - Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS), http://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/, [Date accessed]